Methodology Summary

1. LEGAL BASIS AND SCOPE

This document contains the information on principal adverse impacts on the climate and other environment-related adverse impacts of the consensus mechanisms used to issue the crypto-assets in relation to which Digital Assets d.o.o. provides crypto-asset services, as required by Article 66(5) of Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA). The content and presentation of the sustainability indicators follow Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2025/422 on regulatory technical standards specifying the content, methodologies and presentation of information in respect of sustainability indicators in relation to adverse impacts on the climate and other environment-related adverse impacts, and the field structure (S.1 to S.16) of the applicable implementing technical standards, including Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2984. The disclosure covers 132 crypto-assets. One table is presented for each crypto-asset, in the order of the internal asset register, and each table is followed by the list of hyperlinks to the crypto-asset white papers referred to in Article 66(3) of MiCA.

For 33 of the crypto-assets covered, no crypto-asset white paper has been published to date. These crypto-assets were admitted to trading before 30 December 2024 and are neither asset-referenced tokens nor electronic money tokens, so the transitional measure in Article 143(2b) of Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 extends the deadline for publication of a white paper to 31 December 2027. That transitional measure does not apply to electronic money tokens, and the white papers for the two electronic money tokens covered by this document, USDC and Eurite (EURI), have been published by their issuers and are linked in the relevant tables. The obligation to publish this information on the website under Article 66(5) applies regardless of the availability of a white paper, and the hyperlink table below the table of each crypto-asset without a white paper records that no white paper has been published to date.

2. REPORTING THRESHOLD AND SUPPLEMENTARY INDICATORS

Fields S.1 to S.9 are completed for every crypto-asset. The supplementary indicators in fields S.10 to S.16 are completed where the estimated annual energy consumption of the consensus mechanism (field S.8) is equal to or greater than 500,000 kWh. Because the estimates in this document rest on assumptions, a conservative band is applied: for every crypto-asset whose estimated S.8 value lies between 300,000 kWh and 700,000 kWh, the supplementary indicators are also completed in full, so that a moderate revision of any input parameter does not silently move a crypto-asset across the threshold.

3. CALCULATION FORMULAS

(a) Proof of Work networks: annual energy consumption equals the network hashrate multiplied by the assumed weighted fleet efficiency of the equipment (J per hash), multiplied by 8,760 hours and by a power usage effectiveness (PUE) factor of 1.10 for mining facilities. For Bitcoin and Ethereum, the published estimates of the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance (CCAF) are adopted instead of the bottom-up formula, and the result of the bottom-up calculation is retained as a cross-check.

(b) Proof of Stake, delegated and BFT-type networks: annual energy consumption equals the number of nodes participating in consensus multiplied by the assumed electrical power per node in watts (classified under convention D11), multiplied by 8,760 hours, divided by 1,000 and multiplied by a PUE factor of 1.20 for professional or data centre hosting. Nodes that do not participate in consensus (RPC nodes, archive nodes and application nodes) are excluded, and this exclusion is stated as a scope boundary.

(c) Layer 2 networks on Ethereum: annual energy consumption equals the network's own infrastructure for sequencing, proving and validation (expressed in kW of continuous IT load, multiplied by 8,760 hours and a PUE factor of 1.20), plus the attributed share of Ethereum Layer 1 consumption under convention D12.

(d) Tokens without their own consensus mechanism: annual energy consumption equals the sum, across all listed host networks, of the assumed number of token transfers per day multiplied by 365 and by the energy consumption per transaction of the host network. The energy consumption per transaction of the host network equals the annual consumption of that network divided by its annual number of transactions (daily transactions multiplied by 365, convention D7). Where the number of transfers of an individual token could not be obtained from public block explorers at the time of preparation, the standardised conservative transfer tiers of convention D18 are applied, and each such value is expressly marked as an estimate in field S.9 and in the evidence table.

(e) Supplementary indicators: S.10 is the renewable share of the network's electricity mix, taken from published network-specific estimates where available, and otherwise from the global average share of renewables in electricity generation (Ember Global Electricity Review 2026, data for 2025: 33.8%). S.11 equals S.8 divided by the annual number of validated transactions. S.12 is reported as zero under convention D9, because the disclosing entity does not control the distributed infrastructure of any network covered. S.13 equals S.8 multiplied by the applicable emission factor (network-specific where published, otherwise the Ember global average of 458 gCO2eq per kWh for 2025), divided by 1,000,000 to express the result in tonnes of CO2 equivalent. S.14 equals S.13 multiplied by 1,000 and divided by the annual number of validated transactions, expressed in kg CO2eq per transaction. All values follow the rounding rules of convention D8.

 4. DATA SOURCES AND SOURCE RESTRICTIONS

The following order of precedence applies to input data: (1) sustainability disclosures published by the issuer of the crypto-asset in its own MiCA white paper, which take precedence over own estimates (applied to USDC and EURI); (2) published estimates of the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance (CCAF), University of Cambridge (applied to Bitcoin and Ethereum); (3) official publications of the network operator or foundation (applied, among others, to the energy transparency programmes of Internet Computer, IOTA and Filecoin); (4) public block explorers, validator registries and aggregators for network parameters such as hashrate, validator count and transaction count (BitInfoCharts, Chainspect, Avascan, protocol documentation and comparable sources); (5) peer-reviewed scientific literature and equipment manufacturer specifications for fleet efficiency assumptions; and (6) Ember Global Electricity Review 2026 and comparable statistical publications for the electricity mix and emission factors.

Source restrictions: this document does not obtain data directly from commercial providers of crypto-asset sustainability data and does not adopt values from the sustainability disclosures of other crypto-asset service providers. Where a crypto-asset has an identifiable issuer that has published sustainability indicators in its own MiCA white paper, those indicators are carried over and take precedence over own estimates, regardless of which party the issuer engaged to calculate them; the issuer is responsible for the content of its white paper. This applies to USDC and to Eurite (EURI), and the identity of the party that prepared the calculation is disclosed in field S.9 of the relevant tables. Where a required value is available only from a commercial provider and has not been published by the issuer, the field is not completed, and the reason is stated in the field itself and in the chapter on known limitations at the end of this document.

All input parameters were retrieved on 17 and 18 August 2026, unless stated otherwise in the individual table. The evidence table at the end of this document lists every input parameter with its value, source, retrieval date and confidence rating.

5. METHODOLOGICAL CONVENTIONS

D1 (merged mining): for networks secured by the same physical mining fleet through merged mining (Litecoin and Dogecoin on the Scrypt algorithm), the total consumption of the fleet is conservatively attributed in full to each network. Adding the disclosures for both networks therefore double counts the underlying physical consumption; this is stated in field S.9 of each affected crypto-asset.

D2 (Bittensor): only the consensus of the Subtensor chain is taken as the consensus mechanism; incentivised machine learning computation in subnets is a service layer outside consensus and is excluded as a scope boundary.

D3 (THORChain): the full nodes of connected external chains that each THORNode must operate as a condition of participating in consensus are included in the assumed power per node, as a conservative measure.

D4 (Layer 2 networks): the consumption of a Layer 2 crypto-asset consists of its own infrastructure and the attributed share of Ethereum Layer 1 consumption; a Layer 2 network does not take on the total consumption of Ethereum, because Ethereum's consumption is disclosed separately under the Ethereum entry.

D5 (service layers): computational work rewarded by the network but not participating in consensus (GPU rendering on Render, distributed computing on io.net, GalaChain founder nodes, oracle and indexing services) is excluded from consensus consumption and stated as a scope boundary where material.

D6 (multi-chain crypto-assets): where a token circulates on several host networks, the attributed shares for the listed host networks are added together.

D7 (transaction basis): the annual number of transactions is derived as the observed daily number of transactions multiplied by 365.

D8 (rounding): S.8 is reported in whole kWh; S.10 and S.13 are reported to two decimal places; S.11 and S.14 are reported to five decimal places.

D9 (Scope 1): S.12 is reported as zero because the disclosing entity does not control the distributed infrastructure of any network covered; all location-based emissions from purchased electricity are reported in S.13 (Scope 2).

D10 (definition of renewables): the renewable share in S.10 excludes nuclear energy; where a source publishes a separate renewables-only value, that value is used in S.10 and the combined value including nuclear is stated in S.15. Where a source does not publish a separate value, the global average renewable share is applied in S.10 and the published combined value is still stated in S.15. 

D11 (node power classes): where the minimum hardware requirements of a network are published, the assumed power per consensus-participating node is assigned to one of four classes: Light (100 to 150 W), Standard (250 W), High (300 W) and Very High (500 to 800 W and above for composite or high-throughput nodes).

D12 (Layer 2 attribution): the attributed share of Ethereum Layer 1 consumption for a Layer 2 network equals that network's estimated share of Ethereum blob space multiplied by an assumed 8% share of batch and blob transactions in total Ethereum Layer 1 gas. Both parameters are assumptions to be verified at the next annual review against growthepie.xyz and operator publications.

D13 (wrapped crypto-assets): wrapped or bridged representations of another crypto-asset (Wrapped Bitcoin) are attributed to the host network only, because wrapping does not change the consensus of the underlying crypto-asset; the consumption of the underlying network is disclosed separately under its own entry where covered.

D14 (Solana transaction basis): the transaction count for Solana excludes validator vote transactions; a non-vote transaction count of approximately 100,000,000 transactions per day is used.

D15 (Qubic): the 676 Computors forming the consensus quorum are counted; external useful Proof of Work mining that determines Computor ranking is treated as an incentive service layer outside consensus and is excluded, which is stated as a scope boundary with high uncertainty.

D16 (sidechains, appchains and Layer 3): Ronin, Immutable zkEVM and ApeChain are treated as host networks with their own attribution bases for the tokens circulating on them (AXS, IMX, ILV, APE); GalaChain founder nodes remain excluded under D5.

D17 (conservative consensus sets): where the size of the consensus set is unclear, the larger published set is adopted: 150 validators for XRP (versus 35 on the default UNL) and 127 nodes for TRON (27 Super Representatives plus 100 Super Representative partners as backup nodes). The smaller variants are stated in the evidence table.

D18 (token transfer tiers): where the number of transfers of an individual token could not be obtained at the time of preparation, a standardised conservative daily transfer volume per activity tier is assumed: Tier A 100,000, Tier B 20,000 and Tier C 5,000 transfers per day per host network. Each tier-based value is expressly marked as an estimate in field S.9 and in the evidence table and is carried forward to the next annual review.

D19 (migrated and dual-form crypto-assets): a crypto-asset whose token has migrated to its own active chain, or is native to it, is treated as a network (Kite, Mitosis, Enjin, Artificial Superintelligence Alliance, Sonic, Plasma); a crypto-asset whose token predominantly circulates on a host network, even though a related chain exists, is treated as a token (Hemi, Sahara AI). The classification of each such crypto-asset is stated in field S.9.

6. STATUS OF THE ESTIMATES

Unless a field states that values are taken from the issuer, the operator or CCAF, all indicators in this document are estimates, based on a defined set of assumptions and publicly available input data; they do not represent measured values. The input parameters, their sources, retrieval dates and confidence ratings are listed in the input parameter evidence table at the end of this document, and the known limitations of this disclosure are set out in the final chapter. No offsetting of energy consumption, carbon credits or guarantees of origin are taken into account anywhere in this document. This disclosure is reviewed at least once a year and whenever a change occurs that materially affects the reported indicators.

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